Senin, 20 Juni 2011

End User Computer Promotion Products


An explanation of the EUC 2 PRO

End User Computer Promotion Product is a new technique in the advertising world. This technique can reach the user's computer is connected to the Internet whether or not connected to the Internet. ad delivery technique is named EUC 2 PRO created in the city of Garut in West Java, Indonesia or hub. Amik Garut or http://rekankerja6@gmail.com

Kamis, 16 Juni 2011

NASA's LRO takes extreme close-up of eclipse


Public release date: 13-Jun-2011
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Contact: Nancy Neal-Jones
nancy.n.jones@nasa.gov
301-286-0039
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA's LRO takes extreme close-up of eclipse

Orbiting about 31 miles above the lunar surface, NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft will get a "front-row seat" to the total lunar eclipse on June 15, says Noah Petro, Associate Project Scientist for LRO at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
A lunar eclipse happens when the moon passes into Earth's shadow, and a total lunar eclipse occurs when Earth completely blocks the sun, causing the moon to darken and appear to change color. However, the moon doesn't go completely dark because Earth's atmosphere bends (refracts) indirect sunlight toward the moon, giving it dim illumination. Since indirect sunlight must travel through Earth's atmosphere before reaching the moon, any clouds or dust in the atmosphere will block certain colors in the sunlight, causing the moon to seem to change color, frequently turning it yellow, orange, or red. The exact color varies from eclipse to eclipse, depending on the weather at the time.
The June 15 lunar eclipse will be visible, at least in part, from around the world except North and Central America. "However, LRO will be observing, so eventually everyone will get to see a close-up of it," says Petro. The eclipse begins at about 17:24 Universal Time (UT), will be darkest from around 19:22 UT to 21:02 UT, and ends a bit after 23:00 UT. During this eclipse, the moon's orbital path will take it close to the center of the darkest part of Earth's shadow, called the umbra, so the deepest part of the eclipse will last a long time -- just over an hour and 40 minutes. Unlike a solar eclipse, a lunar eclipse is safe to view without special equipment.
LRO's Diviner Lunar Radiometer instrument will record how quickly different areas on the moon's day side cool off during the eclipse. Since large boulders cool more slowly than a fine-grained or dusty surface, Diviner will be able to see what areas are covered with boulders and what regions are blanketed by dust.
"This is an unprecedented opportunity to learn more about the uppermost few millimeters of the moon," says Diviner Principal Investigator David Paige of the University of California, Los Angeles. "Diviner plans to operate continuously during the entire eclipse period, targeting ten specific regions. The ten sites represent a diverse selection of lunar terrains. Some consist of fine dust, others are rocky, and there are a variety of compositions including dark, iron-rich lunar maria and light, iron-poor lunar highlands. Diviner will target these features before, during, and after the eclipse, which will allow us to observe how these different surfaces respond to the sudden drop in temperature."
"The moon turns slowly -- a complete day-night cycle lasts more than 29 Earth days," says Petro. "So lunar dusk and dawn last a long time, and normally the lunar surface cools down and heats up slowly. This eclipse is a special opportunity to see what happens if you 'switch off' the sun relatively quickly. It's like taking a pie out of the oven and throwing it into the freezer without letting it cool down first. We want to see how the moon's surface responds to this abrupt temperature change," said Petro.
The Diviner observations will complement surface roughness measurements from LRO's other instruments because Diviner can get hints at what lies just beneath the surface, according to Petro. "LRO's camera and laser altimeter might see a flat, dusty region, but if Diviner sees that it is cooling unusually slowly, that tells us large blocks of material are hidden beneath a thin layer of dust," said Petro.
The eclipse presents unusual conditions for LRO, according to Petro. LRO runs on solar energy, with battery back-up for power during its approximately hour-long journey over the moon's night side each orbit. LRO's other instruments will be turned off to conserve energy during the long night imposed by the eclipse, and the spacecraft will have to endure a longer period of deep cold.
"It will be like taking my car off-road. It's not really built for that, but it can handle limited excursions," said Petro. This will be the first time LRO operates an instrument during a total lunar eclipse, according to Petro, and it will be the longest eclipse during the mission's expected lifetime.
Paige and his Diviner team will lead the observations, with funding from NASA's Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters, Washington. NASA Goddard assembled and manages LRO.
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To See 2 Videos: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/diviner-eclipse.html

source : http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-06/nsfc-nlt061311.php

Solar Eclipse

Debra Fiakas

The chip makers dominate discussion of the solar energy sector.  Nonetheless, a passing comment in a recent blog post introduced me to an interesting company that seems to have been over looked in the solar story  -  Apollo Solar Energy, Inc. (ASOE:  OTC/BB).

Apollo produces tellurium, a little known chemical element that looks deceptively like tin.  It is typically a by-product of copper and lead mining operations, but can be found hiding beside gold as well.  While these are very common metals, tellurium is quite rare on earth.  Outer space is another story.

Although the primary use of tellurium is in metallurgy applications, Tellurium is used in cadmium telluride solar panels.  Commercial-grade tellurium, which is not toxic, is usually marketed as minus 200-mesh powder but is also available as slabs, ingots, sticks, or lumps.  There have been concerns that current supply sources for tellurium could not keep up with demand from solar panels.  Estimates of world production are sketchy at best.  A mash-up of U.S. Geological Survey data suggests world production is in excess of 200,000 metric tons per year.

More than 90% of tellurium is produced from anode slimes collected from electrolytic copper refining.  The remainder is derived from skimmings at lead refineries and from flue dusts and gases generated during the smelting of copper and lead ores.  It is not surprising then that tellurium is produced mainly in China, the United States, Peru, Japan, and Canada  -  the main copper producing countries.

Apollo in China calls itself a refiner of tellurium and high-purity tellurium-based metals for specific segments of the electronic materials market, i.e. solar panels.  Apollo is sourcing its tellurium from Dashuigou mine located in Sichuan Province, China and another mine in Shimian, Majiagou.  Apollo touts the Dashuigou and Majiagou mines as the only two known deposits in the world in which tellurium is the primary mineral.

Apollo’s refining operations are Chengdu, Sichuan Province.  The company says this facility could ultimately have the capacity to produce more than 300 tons of high-purity photovoltaic cell materials and 42 other types of electronic materials.

Despite a number of potential competitors already supplying tellurium to the market , Apollo appears to have had no problem in finding customers.  Apollo negotiated a five year supply agreement with First Solar (FSLR:  Nasdaq) in November 2010.  First Solar is among the largest producers of solar cells and panels in the world.

Apollo reported $9.6 million in total sales in 2010.  The gross margin of 15.6% was insufficient to support hefty general and administrative expenses near $7.0 million.  Consequently, Apollo reported a net loss of $5.8 million.  Cash usage by operations was $1.0 million in the year 2010, suggesting the income statement paints an unnecessarily negative picture.  Stock-based compensation, a non-cash operating expense, was $3.6 million in the year.

ASOE is trading near its 52-week low, largely due to rapidly eroding confidence in China-based companies that have executed reverse mergers into U.S. public companies.  Nonetheless, we are adding Apollo Solar Energy to the Solar Group in our Atomics Index.

Debra Fiakas is the Managing Director of Crystal Equity Research, an alternative research resource on small capitalization companies in selected industries.  

Neither the author of the Small Cap Strategist web log, Crystal Equity Research nor its affiliates have a beneficial interest in the companies mentioned herein.  ASOE is included in Crystal Equity Research’s The Atomics Index in the Solar Group.



was posted on AltEnergyStocks.com.




source : http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/2011/05/solar_eclipse.html

Splendid photographs of lunar and solar eclipses

Jun 15, 2011 01:47 PM EDT
IBTimes take you from China to Saudi Arabia-- in historical eclipses.
Eating sun
A solar eclipse, which the Chinese word for is 'Rishi', meaning 'eaten sun', can be seen above visitors at the Jiayuguan Fort on the Great Wall of China in the town of Jiayuguan, Gansu Province August 1, 2008. Eclipses were dangerous omens for ancient Chinese astronomers, but this one comes exactly a week before the torch is lit in Beijing for the opening ceremony of Games designed to restore China's pride and showcase its achievements.
Source: REUTERS / David Gray
China eclipse
A man and his camel walk past as the sun is blocked by the moon during a solar eclipse in Gaotai, Gansu province August 1, 2008.
Source: REUTERS / Aly Song
India eclipse
People watch a partial solar eclipse in the northern Indian city of Lucknow August 1, 2008.
Source: REUTERS / Pawan Kumar
Saudi eclipse
A man smiles as he watches a partial solar eclipse in Riyadh August 1, 2008.
Source: REUTERS / Fahad Shadeed
Florida eclipse
The Moon is engulfed in the Earth's shadow as it nears the peak of a rare winter solstice total lunar eclipse as viewed through a telescope from Palm Beach Gardens December 21, 2010.
Source: REUTERS / DOUG MURRAY
Russia eclipse
The shadow of the Earth falls across the face of the Moon, with a board which reads: "Vladivostok" in the foreground, above Russia's far eastern city of Vladivostok during a full lunar eclipse December 21, 2010. The eclipse is the first to coincide with the Winter Solstice since 1638.
Source: REUTERS / Yuri Maltsev
Japan eclipse
The eclipse of the moon is seen behind a carving of a salmon at a souvenir shop in Shiraoi, on Japan's northern island of Hokkaido December 21, 2010.
Source: REUTERS / KYODO Kyodo
Copyright 2011 Thomson Reuters. All rights reserved.

Selasa, 14 Juni 2011

Suharto: A Political Biography

Suharto: A Political Biography

R.E. Elson

Cambridge University Press 2001
A book review by Danny Yee © 2002 http://dannyreviews.com/
In Suharto Elson has produced a superb study of one of the twentieth century's most important leaders. It focuses, as the subtitle suggests, on the acquisition and development of Suharto's political philosophy and political skills and their expression in his career. Elson assumes a familiarity with Indonesian history: readers unfamiliar with the events of the Indonesian Revolution will have some trouble understanding Suharto's career from 1945 to 1949, for example, and even after Suharto becomes president Elson is never tempted to start on a general history of New Order Indonesia. Despite the relatively narrow focus, however, the result is readable and quite involving. It helps that the structure is chronological, with little or no foreshadowing, though that also means that one almost needs to read the work twice. Suharto was born near Yogyakarta in Central Java, in 1921, but some mystery surrounds the details. He claimed to be from poor peasant stock but his education, connections with the lower echelons of government, and later indifference to his native village suggest he was the illegitimate son of someone relatively well-placed. During the war he joined Peta, the Japanese-organised Indonesian army, as a platoon commander. In the Indonesian Revolution he saw service around the headquarters of the Republic in Yogyakarta. This involved him in factional conflicts and coup attempts such as the 3 July Affair and the Madiun Affair, which contributed both to his distrust of civilian politicians and his opposition to communism.
Stationed in Central Java after independence, Suharto rose to command the Diponegoro Division. He acquired experience handling business connections and managing army cooperatives and foundations, and met many who would play important roles in his later career (including, during a stint in Makasar, Habibie, his eventual successor as president). In 1959 Suharto was sent to the Army Staff and Command School (he was one of the few among his peers who didn't go to the United States for training) and proceeded from there to high commands: first the Mandala command for the "liberation" of West Irian and then Kostrad, the army strategic reserve. Along with other officers, Suharto helped to stall Army involvement during the Confrontation with Malaysia and by 1965 he was a key player in the uneasy balance between the communist party, the armed forces, and Sukarno.
In 1965 came the 30 September/Gestapu coup attempt, which unleashed the pent-up tension. Elson carefully examines the evidence for what happened on October 1 and the following days, as well as both the mainstream interpretations (varying degrees of communist party involvement and planning) and more radical theories. While he rejects suggestions that Suharto himself was involved in the coup attempt, Elson sheets home to him the primary responsibility for the resulting massacres. Following the coup came the destruction of the communist party and a complex power struggle between Suharto and Sukarno. The Supersemar decree of 11 March 1966 gave Suharto effective power well before his formal appointment as president in 1968, by which point many of the foundations of New Order Indonesia were already in place.
An early "honeymoon" saw the achievement of stability and some economic advances. Though Indonesian economic growth was critical to Suharto's success as leader, Elson barely touches on topics such as foreign investment, relations with the United States and the World Bank, the extent to which benefits reached those in poverty, or the rise of local capitalists. He is more interested in Suharto's idiosyncratic personal ideas about development and his management of conflicts between economic nationalists and technocrats.
Politically the early years of Suharto's presidency saw the curbing of the parties, the creation of Golkar, and the continued use of anti-communist ideology and rhetoric to mobilise support. The corporatisation of politics and connections with Sino-Indonesian businessmen brought criticisms of corruption, however. The decade from 1973 was more difficult. There was discontent in the army elite, surfacing most notably in the Malari affair of January 1974, when Kopkamtib commander Sumitro allowed riots to get out of hand in an attempt to discredit opponents, and the 1980 Petition of 50, criticising army collaboration with Golkar. Other problems included continuing student and social unrest, the Pertamina scandal, and the occupation of East Timor.
In the decade following the 1983 presidential election Suharto enjoyed nearly undisputed ascendancy, despite controversies over an extra-judicial state terror campaign (the Petrus killings), army reforms, an oil crisis, the role of his children, and patrimonialism and corruption more generally. The 1988 elections saw the appointment of Sudharmono as vice-president, part of a broader move away from the army. As he aged, Suharto faced the loss of friends from his own generation (and in particular his wife Ibu Tien in 1996), a decline in personal ties to subordinates, and a general loss of touch. He fell back on his familiars and tried to find new sources of support: he promoted Habibie rapidly (though the army imposed Try Sutrisno as vice-president in 1993), indulged his children, tried to bolster his Islamic credentials (risking ethnic and religious sectarianism), and took a growing interest in his status as an international leader.
This leaves us with some idea of Suharto's own contributions to his rapid fall from power in May 1998, but Elson's account of that is brief: his focus on Suharto means he can't really address the broader forces involved. A final chapter gives an overview of Suharto's personality and legacy. Elson concludes that
The paradoxical legacy of Suharto's rule is that the transformations he tried to contain were a direct if unintended consequence of his efforts at social and economic modernisation.
In any event, understanding modern Indonesia still involves understanding Suharto — and for those who want to do that, Elson's biography will be essential reading. March 2002

source :http://dannyreviews.com/h/Suharto.html

Indonesian political deterioration

  Politik Indonesia Mengalami Kemerosotan dan Perlu Asupan Moral
Jakarta - political conditions in the SBY's leadership judged decline. This was disclosed by Chairman of the Advisory Council of the Party (MPP) Amien Rais's PAN, which states if the deterioration is due to a lack of leadership.

"From my perspective there is deterioration in the government admitted this time," said Amien Rais in a discussion titled, Democratization in Indonesia and Optimization of Political Marketing, at Tower 165, Jl TB Simatupang, Jakarta, Wednesday (17/2/2010)

Amin said the decline was shown by the failure of politics to bring the people of Indonesia on welfare. According to the quality of Indonesia's natural resources is high. "But there is perpetual poverty. It's weird," he said.

While former Vice President, Jusuf Kalla, said that the deterioration is due to the loss of moral intake of politics in Indonesia. The practice of politics in Indonesia through the marketing of political marketing is still set aside the issue of morality. "Morality is measuring the decline of prosperity, this is missing," he explained.

Admittedly, the political practice of marketing in Indonesia has not found the orientation. Because political competition is still showing in power lust.


source :http://www.detiknews.com/read/2010/02/17/232102/1301689/10/politik-indonesia-mengalami-kemerosotan-dan-perlu-asupan-moral

Senin, 13 Juni 2011

Politics of Indonesia

Politics of Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indonesia

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Indonesia



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The politics of Indonesia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People's Representative Councils. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative, and judicial power. The governmental system has been described as "presidential with parliamentary characteristics."[1] Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto, several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia, which resulted in changes to all branches of government.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Reform process

Map showing the parties/organisations with the largest vote share per province in Indonesia's elections from 1971 to 2004.
A constitutional reform process lasted from 1999 to 2002, with four constitutional amendments producing important changes.[2]
Among these are term limits of up to two five-year terms for the President and Vice President, and measures to institute checks and balances. The highest state institution is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), whose functions previously included electing the president and vice president (since 2004 the president has been elected directly by the people), establishing broad guidelines of state policy, and amending the constitution. The 695-member MPR includes all 550 members of the People's Representative Council (DPR) (the House of Representatives) plus 130 "regional representatives" elected by the twenty-six provincial parliaments and sixty-five appointed members from societal groups[3]
The DPR, which is the premier legislative institution, originally included 462 members elected through a mixed proportional/district representational system and thirty-eight appointed members of the armed forces (TNI) and police (POLRI). TNI/POLRI representation in the DPR and MPR ended in 2004. Societal group representation in the MPR was eliminated in 2004 through further constitutional change.[4]
Having served as rubberstamp bodies in the past, the DPR and MPR have gained considerable power and are increasingly assertive in oversight of the executive branch. Under constitutional changes in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral legislature, with the creation of the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (DPD), in which each province is represented by four members, although its legislative powers are more limited than those of the DPR. Through his appointed cabinet, the president retains the authority to conduct the administration of the government.[5]
A general election in June 1999 produced the first freely elected national, provincial, and regional parliaments in over forty years. In October 1999 the MPR elected a compromise candidate, Abdurrahman Wahid, as the country's fourth president, and Megawati Sukarnoputri — a daughter of Sukarno, the country's first president — as the vice president. Megawati's PDI-P party had won the largest share of the vote (34%) in the general election, while Golkar, the dominant party during the Soeharto era, came in second (22%). Several other, mostly Islamic parties won shares large enough to be seated in the DPR. Further democratic elections took place in 2004 and 2009.
The Indonesian political system before and after the constitutional amendments

[edit] Executive branch

Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono DPD 20 October 2004
Vice-president Boediono Non-Party 20 October 2009
The president and vice president are selected by vote of the citizens for five-year terms. Prior to 2004, they were chosen by People's Consultative Assembly. The last election was held 8 July 2009. The president heads the United Indonesia Cabinet (Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu) The President of Indonesia is directly elected for a maximum of two five-year terms, and is the head of state, commander-in-chief of Indonesian armed forces and responsible for domestic governance and policy-making and foreign affairs. The president appoints a cabinet, who do not have to be elected members of the legislature.[6]

[edit] Legislative branch

The legislative building complex
The People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR) is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. Following elections in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral parliament, with the creation of the DPD as its second chamber in an effort to increase regional representation.[7] The Regional Representatives Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD) is the upper house of The People's Consultative Assembly. The lower house is The People's Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), sometimes referred to as the House of Representatives, which has 550 members, elected for a five year term by proportional representation in multi-member constituencies.

[edit] Political parties and elections

The General Election Committee (Indonesian: Komisi Pemilihan Umum, KPU ) is the body responsible for running both parliamentary and presidential elections in Indonesia. Prior to the General Election of 2004, the KPU was made up of members who were also members of political parties, however members of the KPU must now be non-partisan.